The Rise and Fall of an American Gang: Religion as Camouflage?
…lism is, counter to Noble Drew Ali’s original teachings, incompatible with American citizenship—as having the “primary objective” of “connect[ing] African Americans with a proud heritage, thereby circumventing the stereotypical picture of Africa, its inhabitants, and their black American descendants as savage and uncivilized.” This makes the religion, with its embrace of Orientalist imagery and esoteric texts, sound more like the African-centered…
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