Lincoln, Clinton, and Trump: From Strategy to Spin to Straight-Up Bullshit
…The second difference between Clinton’s and Trump’s approach to mendacity deals with the very nature of lying itself. The fundamental structure of the speech act we call lying involves four distinct features: (1) the speaker knows or thinks he knows the truth. (2) He or she utters a deliberate falsehood, asserting the opposite of what he or she knows to be the case. (3) This false utterance is performatively designed to persuade the listener that…
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